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設(shè)計(jì)單位? VIA維亞景觀
項(xiàng)目地點(diǎn)? 上海市浦東新區(qū)
建成時(shí)間? 2023年8月
設(shè)計(jì)總規(guī)模? 3960平方米
本文文字由孫軼家提供。
滬東新村最早建于1953年,因滬東造船廠建造的職工住宅而得名,是新中國成立后上海建設(shè)的首批工人新村之一。經(jīng)歷上世紀(jì)50年代、90年代和21世紀(jì)初三個(gè)集中建設(shè)期,歷時(shí)70余載,如今的上海市浦東新區(qū)滬東新村街道(以下簡稱“滬東”)是具有代表性的、以老舊小區(qū)為主的高密度社區(qū)。這類社區(qū)沿街界面多以老小區(qū)和單位圍墻、沿街商鋪等構(gòu)成,呈現(xiàn)出“公共性”不足的特征,可供居民活動和提供公共服務(wù)的空間較少。
Hudong community which was initially built in 1953 is one of the first residential communities built to accommodate local workers after 1949. Having gone through three major construction periods in the 1950s, 1990s and the first decade of 21th century, Hudong has become one of the typical high density communities of old residential area in Shanghai.
2020-2023年,事務(wù)所在滬東“博興路-柳埠路”沿線開展?jié)u進(jìn)式系列更新實(shí)驗(yàn),從設(shè)定“空間原型”、建立“空間模式”、設(shè)定“要素特征”,到響應(yīng)環(huán)境的“空間意象轉(zhuǎn)譯”、有機(jī)嵌入“公共生活”,為社區(qū)沿街界面的有機(jī)更新探索出一條自下而上的實(shí)踐方法和路徑。
According to the lack of publicness in Hudong neighborhood space, VIASCAPE design(VIA) started a series of experimental community renewal projects by setting up spatial prototypes, establishing space patterns then gradually getting down to sorting out typical characteristics, design elements, spatial image translation and finally generating organic embedded-in design from 2020 to contribute to a bottom-up method for community regeneration.
漸進(jìn)的系列更新
滬東的系列更新起點(diǎn),是事務(wù)所于2020年5月創(chuàng)作的“向東暖亭”[1]。在僅70平方米的有限建筑空間里,創(chuàng)新的結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)為使用者爭取了更大、更完整的空間體驗(yàn),在近人尺度中營造溫暖的公共生活。至2023年,設(shè)計(jì)團(tuán)隊(duì)基于滬東的更新需求,又陸續(xù)完成了“博興路游廊”“博三樹屋”“博三折門”“博一折門”“博一花房”“博一橘園”“博興路望臺”“柳埠路游廊”等8處小微空間的設(shè)計(jì)。
Hudong Experiment of serial renewal began with the PAVILION 1 which was designed by VIA in May 2020. Until 2023, we have completed 8 micro space renewal design in Hudong, which are the GALLERY of Bo'xing Road, the TREE-HOUSE of Bosan, the DOOR of Bosan, the DOOR of Boyi, the FLOWER-HOUSE of Boyi, the ORANGE-ORCHARD of Boyi, the VIEWING-DECK and the GALLERY of Liubu Road.
由于這些項(xiàng)目源于不同的政府工作項(xiàng)目包、不同年份的工作計(jì)劃(見表1),整個(gè)更新過程雖然因此歷時(shí)而緩慢,但同時(shí)也為實(shí)驗(yàn)式的更新設(shè)計(jì)提供了更多的踏勘調(diào)研、公眾參與、試錯糾錯的機(jī)會。
These projects were designated from different government project package with various time schedule (see Table 1), therefore we encountered a lengthy and complicated process. But it offered an opportunity for more detailed survey, adequate public participation and design experiment as well.
在初期研究這些更新點(diǎn)位時(shí),設(shè)計(jì)團(tuán)隊(duì)發(fā)現(xiàn),所有點(diǎn)位大多沿著博興路與柳埠路的沿街界面散點(diǎn)布局,且每2個(gè)相近點(diǎn)位之間,大約間隔3至5分鐘的步行距離。這種間距和密度,可以成為公共空間界面嵌入一系列公共服務(wù)、提供公共活動場所的契機(jī)。
Through spatial analysis, we revealed that these projects were mostly located sporadically along Bo'xing Road and Liubu Road with approximately 3-5min walk distance in between, which perfectly fits the requirements of the public service radius and open space activities embedding.
經(jīng)與滬東新村街道辦事處工作團(tuán)隊(duì)(以下簡稱“街道”)研究商議,2020年下半年起,事務(wù)所以“系列更新”的方式、以全局化整體提升社區(qū)公共界面的視角開展工作,摸索基于空間更新模式創(chuàng)新的工作方法。
After several conferences with Hudongxincun sub-district office, we started to work on a holistic community public space regeneration in a way of serial renewal named as Hudong Experiment? by us.
“看不見的‘隱藏的秩序’確保了城市的續(xù)存?!暴ぉ日]蘆原義信
從博興路、柳埠路沿線現(xiàn)狀看,街道空間除了人行道以外,少有公共開放空間。因此,每個(gè)更新點(diǎn)位都應(yīng)該是一個(gè)提供社區(qū)公共生活的機(jī)會。
In the context of lack of open space along Bo'xing Road and Liubu Road, Hudong Experiment? prioritized creating spaces to provide public service and hold public activity at each renewal project.
在滿足具體功能需求(社區(qū)活動室、社區(qū)食堂、小區(qū)門衛(wèi)、24小時(shí)社區(qū)事務(wù)受理等功能)的同時(shí),每個(gè)點(diǎn)位在空間上“虛”“實(shí)”關(guān)系的設(shè)立,成為了整個(gè)系列更新設(shè)計(jì)的基礎(chǔ):“實(shí)”空間提供公共服務(wù)、“虛”空間引導(dǎo)戶外交往。
While meeting the functional requirements of community activity rooms, community canteens, security guards and 24-hour community affairs processing, we established a spatial prototype of "void and solid" as the foundation of Hudong Experiment. The public service will be provided in the solid space and the void space is to accommodates outdoor social activities.
在“虛實(shí)空間”的原型基礎(chǔ)上,設(shè)計(jì)可根據(jù)具體點(diǎn)位的環(huán)境特性、使用功能、活動需求、治理需求等方面綜合分析,通過“并列”“疊加”“變形”等方法將“原型”演化為每個(gè)具體點(diǎn)位的“空間模式”,從而逐步構(gòu)建博興路-柳埠路沿線的公共界面空間秩序。
And we developed several spatial patterns by the method of juxtaposing, overlying and transforming the spatial prototype according to each renewal project's different spatial feature? and functional demands. A hidden order was thus established along Bo'xing Road and Liubu Road in Hudong Experiment.
在展開具體設(shè)計(jì)之前,我們對更新建構(gòu)方式與要素特征也設(shè)定了一系列原則:
And we set up a series of design principles before the specific design. They are: integrating community landscapes with simple design language to fulfil low-cost construction in a de-decorative method; making every void space to be a grey space to combine indoors and outdoors activities, or setting up boundaries to make it to be a "positive space" 2 or a "concaved space"3; more seat facilities should be integrated into the renewal design to create the "seat landscape"4 and encourage long-term use of open space; apply low-maintenance plantings; more transparent materials like glass should be used in solid spaces to let indoor activities be viewed as streetscape; keep the flexibility for potential functional adjustment.
本次系列更新以“空間模式建立+空間特征要素設(shè)定”作為實(shí)驗(yàn)性工作方法探索的第一階段,希望以此建立滿足空間需求、符合在地特征的“隱藏的秩序”[5],而非通過強(qiáng)烈的設(shè)計(jì)表達(dá)或具有某種風(fēng)格的設(shè)計(jì),去武斷地改變社區(qū)面貌。
The process of developing the spatial patterns and setting up the design principles is the very important and experimental exploration of the serial renewal design. Then we can weave the community open space following the "hidden order"5 rather than change it by some arrogant design.
從“空間模式”落實(shí)到具體點(diǎn)位設(shè)計(jì),存在三種完全不同的場地現(xiàn)狀條件,需要有與不同特征環(huán)境響應(yīng)的“轉(zhuǎn)譯”方法。
As to the specific design, we "translated" the spatial pattern into actual space that respond to the environment based on the conditions of three different types of sites.
第一類是占地極小的項(xiàng)目,需以創(chuàng)新的設(shè)計(jì)手法釋放空間潛能。如“向東暖亭”“博三折門”“博一折門”“博一花房”等點(diǎn)位,占地分別為50平方米、18平方米、22平方米、30平方米。在向東暖亭的設(shè)計(jì)中,設(shè)計(jì)團(tuán)隊(duì)以“亭”上實(shí)下虛的空間意象,轉(zhuǎn)譯實(shí)現(xiàn)原型“疊加”,并將公共客廳、公共洗衣房、共享游戲空間等功能布置在全開放的“虛”空間中。
When we designed the DOOR of Boyi and the DOOR of Bosan, the spatial pattern transformed from the prototype was translated into the image of the "opening door", in which functions like security guards, billboards, street seating, community aid and micro fire station are all integrated. The traditional sentry box is then transformed into a service station for residents. And as to the FLOWER-HOUSE of Boyi, we established and strengthened the space connection and experience continuity between community home and he community garden to create an image of "flower house".
在“博一折門”“博三折門”的設(shè)計(jì)中,設(shè)計(jì)師以“正在打開的門”的空間意象,完成原型“變形”,將安保管理、信息發(fā)布、街頭休息、愛心互助、微型消防站等功能融合在一起,并將傳統(tǒng)意義的門衛(wèi)空間轉(zhuǎn)型為小區(qū)居民接受社區(qū)服務(wù)的第一站。而在“博一花房”點(diǎn)位的設(shè)計(jì)中,則強(qiáng)化了社區(qū)活動室功能空間面向社區(qū)花園的開放性,營造“花房”的美好意象。
The design of the PAVILION, the DOOR of Bosan, the DOOR of Boyi and the FLOWER-HOUSE of Boyi faced the similar site situation of minimal space. How to find some innovative approach to activate the space potential is the key point of the design. In the case of the PAVILION, the spatial pattern was translated into the image of "pavilion". The "void space" is at the 1st floor where the public laundry, community living room, children's playground are placed in, and the "solid space" for reading is at the 2nd floor.
第二類的“博興路游廊”“柳埠路游廊”,是拆違后沿街封閉空間的改造,通過本次更新為社區(qū)提供更多室內(nèi)外公益功能空間。以“博興路游廊”為例,設(shè)計(jì)師在拆違空間中植入社區(qū)食堂、社區(qū)共享閱讀、社區(qū)志愿者之家、戶外職工休息活動室等公共服務(wù)功能,并將超50%的占地用于公共或單位的景觀空間(其中近一半恢復(fù)為東側(cè)相鄰學(xué)生公寓的綠地空間)。同時(shí),基于沿街長80米、進(jìn)深5米的用地特征,以空間原型在博興路街頭“并列”的方式,通過折疊的空間界面設(shè)計(jì),實(shí)現(xiàn)“游廊”的空間意象轉(zhuǎn)譯。
There were full of illegal buildings without permits that should be abolished in the site of the the GALLERY of Bo'xing Road and the GALLERY of Liubu Road. Public welfare functional space and outdoor activities were suggested to placed in it by the sub-district office. Taking the GALLERY of Bo'xing Road as an example, functions like the community canteen, shared reading space, and the living room for outdoor workers are incorporated. And more than 50% area of the site is assigned to be landscaped space in our design. As to the specific design, we translate the the spatial pattern from juxtaposing the prototype into a "gallery" with a folding space design language.
第三類的“博三樹屋”“博一橘園”,在具體更新設(shè)計(jì)上,都采取了與現(xiàn)狀社區(qū)綠化積極響應(yīng)的策略。“博三樹屋”雖然是社區(qū)閑置用房活化利用更新,但其設(shè)計(jì)不僅將現(xiàn)有的白玉蘭保留下來,并將它作為最重要的環(huán)境要素,融入空間原型的“虛”空間中,以樹與屋有機(jī)結(jié)合方式凝結(jié)小區(qū)居民共同記憶。
In the design of the TREE-HOUSE of Bosan and the ORANGE-ORCHARD of Boyi, we establish a strong connection between renewal design and existing planting. The TREE-HOUSE of Bosan is centered by the existing Magnolia tree, and the organic combination of the tree and the building is designed to be a local common memory.
“博一橘園”的環(huán)境響應(yīng)則更具社會意義,通過利用小區(qū)居民原先在用地角落中密集種植的30余株橘樹在場地中的優(yōu)化布局,實(shí)現(xiàn)社區(qū)花園的全過程共建。正是基于不同現(xiàn)狀條件的特征認(rèn)知與類型分析,滬東實(shí)驗(yàn)擺脫了傳統(tǒng)微更新就事論事的工作方式,采用以社區(qū)公共空間營造為導(dǎo)向的“空間意象轉(zhuǎn)譯”與融匯社區(qū)既有綠色、人文資源的“環(huán)境響應(yīng)”的創(chuàng)新實(shí)驗(yàn)方法達(dá)成了各更新點(diǎn)位的設(shè)計(jì)建構(gòu)。
And the public participation that more than 30 orange trees planted 10 years ago by a local couple were rearranged in the community garden by themselves with design team gives the ORANGE-ORCHARD of Boyi more social significance. Based on deep research, we develop an experimental design method co-responding to environmental feature and existing resource in Hudong Experiment rather than the traditional renewal way.
“建造不僅是一種再現(xiàn),也是一種日常生活的體驗(yàn)?!暴ぉ美]肯尼斯·弗蘭姆普頓
以滬東博興路-柳埠路公共界面的圍墻為例,由于沿線各單位和小區(qū)建設(shè)年代不同,圍墻也樣式各異,現(xiàn)在看來雖不算優(yōu)美,但在當(dāng)時(shí)都經(jīng)過仔細(xì)設(shè)計(jì)與用心建造。且在歷史積淀后,從社區(qū)整體視角看,呈現(xiàn)出一種屬于滬東的樸素、韻味與風(fēng)貌。這種屬于老舊社區(qū)公共界面共有的普遍特性,是構(gòu)成滬東社區(qū)居民日常生活“底圖”的重要內(nèi)容。
As an old community, Hudong has a large number of public interfaces composed of residential fences designed and built in different eras with different styles. Although these public interfaces may not be elegant and beautiful from a contemporary aesthetic perspective, they have formed a simple and authentic community style belonging to Hudong. And this common feature of old communities is an important part of the "base map" of local daily life in Hudong Community.
因此,“滬東實(shí)驗(yàn)”不僅關(guān)注部分封閉界面的有效打開、社區(qū)公益職能與公共服務(wù)內(nèi)容的植入、相鄰雜亂空間的梳理,更關(guān)注各更新點(diǎn)位“嵌入”日常生活界面的方式。設(shè)計(jì)團(tuán)隊(duì)在各點(diǎn)位的建筑、景觀、小品、標(biāo)識等公共空間要素的具體設(shè)計(jì)上,采用更樸素簡潔的、“去個(gè)體表現(xiàn)”的方式,以引導(dǎo)公共空間關(guān)系作為要點(diǎn),以更新后公共空間中真實(shí)發(fā)生的社區(qū)生活為主要呈現(xiàn)內(nèi)容。并以這些溫暖、生動的公共生活為媒介將本次系列空間更新與社區(qū)環(huán)境中既有的穩(wěn)定風(fēng)貌,進(jìn)行有機(jī)的編織與連結(jié),織補(bǔ)與完善社區(qū)日常生活圖景,以此追求在地“場所精神”[6]的延續(xù)與發(fā)展。
Hudong Experiment concerns not only opening up the enclosed boundary, implanting community services and reorganizing open space, but the way how to embed every renewed project into daily life as well. A simplified and de-decorative design language is adopted in this serial renewal in order to let the civic life rather than some wonderful design be seen as streetscape. So the real life along Bo'xing Road and Liubu Road can weave every renewal project with the daily scenes into integrity, and maintain the "Genius Loci"6 of Hudong community.
在3年多的過程中,各點(diǎn)位的更新設(shè)計(jì)成果,一方面要分別多次接受市容、房管多個(gè)主管部門的項(xiàng)目指導(dǎo),同時(shí)也需要不斷對接規(guī)劃、綠化、路政等部門以及產(chǎn)權(quán)單位的實(shí)施管理要求。事務(wù)所與街道始終堅(jiān)持“15分鐘社區(qū)生活圈”的整體工作思維,以整體社區(qū)規(guī)劃的全局視角出發(fā)開展工作。
Although undergoing dozens of design reviews and evaluations from multiple administrative department in past 3 years, which made our design work really difficult. We still tried to make this serial renewal be a holistic community planning with the "15-minute community life circle" thought.
滬東是高度建成地區(qū),可挖潛的系統(tǒng)性開放空間資源有限。通過“滬東實(shí)驗(yàn)”系列更新,以自下而上的角度,在現(xiàn)狀“難以規(guī)劃”的空間狀態(tài)中,尋找內(nèi)在的關(guān)聯(lián)、建立隱藏的秩序。設(shè)計(jì)團(tuán)隊(duì)通過“空間原型設(shè)定–空間模式建立–要素特征設(shè)定–空間意象轉(zhuǎn)譯/環(huán)境響應(yīng)–有機(jī)嵌入–公共生活呈現(xiàn)”的創(chuàng)新社區(qū)規(guī)劃方法,將散布的各點(diǎn)位融入整體社區(qū)風(fēng)貌,將現(xiàn)狀單調(diào)、枯燥的空間界面轉(zhuǎn)化為居民共享的、呈現(xiàn)多元美好社區(qū)公共生活的“凝聚的縫合線”[7]。
Hudong community is a highly built area with limited systematic open space resources in Shanghai. We employed a bottom-up planning/design method to establish a hidden order for "hard to be planned" space. In Hudong Experiment the innovative planning method that is "set up spatial prototype—establish space patterns—set up design principles—design with spatial translation—embed into public life" is applied to make these sporadically located project sites weaved into the community, transferring the old and boring community interface into a shared, multifunctional "stitching line"7 for public life.
在趨向精細(xì)化的社區(qū)更新工作背景下,“自上而下的精英規(guī)劃難以解決所有問題”[8],“滬東實(shí)驗(yàn)”中全過程的社區(qū)居民參與是自下而上社區(qū)規(guī)劃的重要內(nèi)容。各更新點(diǎn)位的方案開展多輪意見征詢,設(shè)計(jì)團(tuán)隊(duì)考慮每一位居民的需求和意見,不斷完善設(shè)計(jì)。
In the context of more refined community renewal requirement, "traditional top-down planning can hardly solve all problems "8. Public participation plays an important role in Hudong Experiment. Multiple levels of survey and public hearings were held to improve design.
以“博三樹屋”為例,設(shè)計(jì)團(tuán)隊(duì)因?yàn)檎髟冎行^(qū)75號樓的一位居民的反對意見而展開重新設(shè)計(jì),并在多次點(diǎn)對點(diǎn)溝通后,組織新一輪小區(qū)居民代表(擴(kuò)大)聽證會、75號樓全體居民簽字認(rèn)可等民主程序確定方案。這個(gè)磋商的過程以“權(quán)力委任”(Delegated Power)[9]的方式將決策權(quán)讓渡給居民,讓居民“實(shí)質(zhì)性參與”(Degrees of Citizen Power)[9]社區(qū)更新。
In the case of theTREE-HOUSE of Bosan, we gave up the original scheme only due to objections from one resident. And one more public hearing was conducted before reaching a consensus, this process gave local residents the right to decide, and maximized the "Degrees of Citizen Power"9, which follows the rule of "Delegated Power"9.
在“博一橘園”的更新中,小區(qū)的一對老年夫婦主動提議將他們之前種的橘樹用于社區(qū)花園的建設(shè),并對橘園的營造從策劃到植物移植、養(yǎng)護(hù)等多方面提供支持與協(xié)助。隨著社區(qū)更新工作的持續(xù)開展、“15分鐘社區(qū)生活圈”理念的深入人心,滬東居民對社區(qū)公共事務(wù)的參與程度越來越高,對社區(qū)美好生活空間的追求也逐步上升到具有自覺意識的主動共建共治共享,這是也是“滬東實(shí)驗(yàn)”中最令人欣喜的成果與華彩。
And in the case of the ORANGE-ORCHARD of Boyi , an old couple spontaneously donated their orange trees for the community garden renewal, and offered sufficient support and suggestions during the whole design-construction process. As the "15-minute community life cycle" thought spreads, the continuing community renewal process stimulates the public participation enthusiasm of Hudong residents. The mindset of co-construction, co-governance and shared benefits is awakening in neighborhood. This may be the most exciting part of Hudong Experiment.
注釋
[1]“向東暖亭”詳細(xì)信息見VIA維亞景觀以“暖亭:黃浦江畔的社區(qū)之家”為題發(fā)表在各專業(yè)學(xué)術(shù)媒體的文章,同時(shí)該項(xiàng)目獲得了2023“上海建筑學(xué)會第十屆建筑創(chuàng)作獎”優(yōu)秀獎(一等)、2023年上海市“15分鐘社區(qū)生活圈”優(yōu)秀案例等榮譽(yù),“暖亭”模型也于2024年被中國建筑模型博物館收藏。
[2] [美]克里斯托弗·亞歷山大 等. 王聽度, 趙序鴻譯. 建筑模式語言: 城鎮(zhèn)·建筑·構(gòu)造.北京:知識產(chǎn)權(quán)出版社,2022: 1009.
[3] [日]蘆原義信. 尹培桐 譯.街道的美學(xué)(上).南京:江蘇鳳凰文藝出版社,2017: 73.
[4] [丹麥]揚(yáng)·蓋爾. 何人可 譯.交往與空間.北京:中國建筑工業(yè)出版社,2002: 165.
[5] [日]蘆原義信. [日]伊藤增輝 譯.隱藏的秩序.南京:江蘇鳳凰文藝出版社,2023: 95.
[6] [挪]諾伯舒茲. 施植明 譯.場所精神:邁向建筑現(xiàn)象學(xué).湖北: 華中科技大學(xué)出版社,2010: 180.
[7] [美]凱文·林奇. 方益萍,何曉軍 譯.城市意象.北京: 華夏出版社,2017: 48.
[8] 張帆,葛巖.治理視角下城市更新相關(guān)主體的角色轉(zhuǎn)變探討——以上海為例[J].上海城市規(guī)劃,2019(5):57-61.
[9] Arnstein. S.R., A. Ladder of Citizen Participation, Journal of American Institute of Planners, Vol. 35, No.4, July 1969. 216-224.
完整項(xiàng)目信息
項(xiàng)目名稱:滬東實(shí)驗(yàn)(博興路-柳埠路沿線社區(qū)公共空間系列更新)
設(shè)計(jì)單位:VIA維亞景觀
主持設(shè)計(jì)師:孫軼家、周密
設(shè)計(jì)團(tuán)隊(duì):孫軼家、周密、馬麗、吉文山、易洋帆、蔡穎、劉習(xí)文、敬波、紀(jì)慧敏、姚維彥、趙非齊、鞏紅蕾、計(jì)雨薇、馬喬、卓杰、陳露、趙廣葉、許亮、沈沉
設(shè)計(jì)時(shí)間:2020年10月至2022年10月
建成時(shí)間:2021年5月至2023年8月
設(shè)計(jì)總規(guī)模:3960平方米
項(xiàng)目地址:上海市浦東新區(qū)滬東新村街道博興路、柳埠路沿線
業(yè)主單位:上海市浦東新區(qū)滬東新村街道辦事處
代建單位:上海社發(fā)浦眾建設(shè)管理有限公司
施工單位:上海依航建筑裝飾工程有限公司、上海浦林城建工程有限公司
標(biāo)識設(shè)計(jì):VIA維亞景觀
標(biāo)識字體授權(quán):銳字潮牌字庫
照明顧問:OUI light 徐越峰
游廊局部室內(nèi)展陳:賓酷文化
攝影師:CreatAR Images
撰文:孫軼家
圖紙繪制:計(jì)雨薇、馬喬
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