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2.5.2    作為BIM平臺(tái)

下面我們闡述一款應(yīng)用程序用于作為一個(gè)設(shè)計(jì)平臺(tái)時(shí)的的主要區(qū)別性功能。BIM設(shè)計(jì)應(yīng)用程序的基本功能是以作為工具開(kāi)始的，由于建筑模型信息的使用得到認(rèn)可，便開(kāi)始成為一個(gè)平臺(tái)。隨著建筑信息模型的潛在應(yīng)用的增長(zhǎng)，對(duì)BIM平臺(tái)的需求也越來(lái)越重要。大多數(shù)帶有廣泛接口工具的BIM平臺(tái)都能在微軟的Windows系統(tǒng)中運(yùn)行；小部分能在蘋(píng)果公司的Macintosh上運(yùn)行，并且能在它上面有接口的應(yīng)用程序更少。我們根據(jù)對(duì)功能重要性的認(rèn)識(shí)，按照粗略的順序一一列舉。

可伸縮性：這是處理大型項(xiàng)目整合以及高水平詳細(xì)建模的能力。這個(gè)功能涵蓋了無(wú)論項(xiàng)目中的3D參數(shù)化構(gòu)件有多少都能保持系統(tǒng)響應(yīng)的能力。這項(xiàng)能力在工具級(jí)別是很重要的，但工具在任何時(shí)候的應(yīng)用范圍上通常是受限的。當(dāng)用級(jí)別化的參數(shù)管理大型面層或整個(gè)建筑外殼的時(shí)候，設(shè)計(jì)的可伸縮性就會(huì)非常重要。在數(shù)據(jù)管理方面的一個(gè)基本問(wèn)題是，系統(tǒng)是基于磁盤(pán)而不是基于內(nèi)存的程度。由于基于磁盤(pán)的系統(tǒng)的磁盤(pán)讀/寫(xiě)速度慢，該類(lèi)系統(tǒng)對(duì)于小項(xiàng)目來(lái)說(shuō)是比較慢的，但是隨著項(xiàng)目規(guī)模的加大，系統(tǒng)變慢的速度也會(huì)慢下來(lái)。基于內(nèi)存的系統(tǒng)在輕量的情況下通常會(huì)更快，不過(guò)一旦內(nèi)存空間耗盡，系統(tǒng)的性能就會(huì)大打折扣?？缮炜s性部分上是受限于運(yùn)行系統(tǒng)的；無(wú)特別設(shè)置的Windows XP、32位版本的系統(tǒng)僅支持單個(gè)進(jìn)程最多2 GB的工作內(nèi)存。適用于Windows和Snow Leopard的64位架構(gòu)消除了內(nèi)存使用限制，并且變得既便宜又普遍。對(duì)某些系統(tǒng)來(lái)說(shuō)，顯卡性能同樣重要。第2.3.4節(jié)（回復(fù)B38查看）對(duì)該話題做了更詳盡的探討。

工具界面：作為一個(gè)平臺(tái)，BIM平臺(tái)要能夠呈現(xiàn)大量的信息，如幾何圖形、屬性以及其與其它應(yīng)用程序之間的關(guān)系。典型應(yīng)用包括分析過(guò)程在用到的結(jié)構(gòu)、能源、照明、成本和其它分析功能；

碰撞檢查和用于設(shè)計(jì)協(xié)調(diào)的問(wèn)題追蹤；采購(gòu)和材料追蹤；施工的任務(wù)和設(shè)備調(diào)度。工具界面的重要性取決于BIM平臺(tái)的使用意向，它是由特定的工作流程模式定義的。本書(shū)第5、6、7章從不同背景闡述了這些功能的使用，我們會(huì)在這幾章中從工具和工作流角度評(píng)估它們的適當(dāng)性。

BIM構(gòu)件庫(kù)：每種BIM平臺(tái)都有各種可被載入并應(yīng)用的預(yù)定義構(gòu)件庫(kù)。這些構(gòu)件庫(kù)因了可免去用戶(hù)自己進(jìn)行定義的需要而非常有幫助。一般來(lái)說(shuō)，預(yù)定義構(gòu)件越多幫助性越大。關(guān)于這些構(gòu)件對(duì)不同使用目的有多好，有進(jìn)一步的區(qū)分。目前來(lái)說(shuō)，幾乎沒(méi)有將構(gòu)件圖形之外的信息架構(gòu)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化的投入。在這里，我們指的是用于選取的規(guī)范、分析方面的應(yīng)用規(guī)范、服務(wù)手冊(cè)、用于渲染的材料屬性和其它類(lèi)似的應(yīng)用。據(jù)我們所知，只有smartBIM庫(kù)（詳見(jiàn)第五章）已經(jīng)開(kāi)始處理這些問(wèn)題了。在考慮不同的BIM平臺(tái)時(shí)，預(yù)定義建筑構(gòu)件的可用性有助于在該平臺(tái)上的工作。

平臺(tái)用戶(hù)接口一致性：根據(jù)兩種不同的使用場(chǎng)景，平臺(tái)接口具有不同的準(zhǔn)則。一種場(chǎng)景是，工具是由大型公司中不同部門(mén)的專(zhuān)業(yè)人員或顧問(wèn)操作的。在這種情況下，每種工具都有其自己的邏輯并在工具級(jí)別準(zhǔn)則中處理。另一種場(chǎng)景是，多個(gè)平臺(tái)用戶(hù)共享并使用這些工具。這種情況下，工具之間的一致性對(duì)于學(xué)習(xí)和使用方面非常重要。由于要支持的功能范圍甚廣，這（平臺(tái)用戶(hù)接口一致性）也是一項(xiàng)挑戰(zhàn)。

可擴(kuò)展性：可擴(kuò)展性功能是基于BIM平臺(tái)是否提供腳本支持進(jìn)行評(píng)估的，腳本支持是一種能增加軟件功能或自動(dòng)化完成低級(jí)別任務(wù)的交互語(yǔ)言，類(lèi)似于AutoCAD 中的AutoLISP?（Excel格式的雙向接口），也是廣泛而能很好記錄的應(yīng)用程序接口（API）。腳本語(yǔ)言和Excel接口通常由終端用戶(hù)使用，而API是針對(duì)軟件開(kāi)發(fā)人員的。這些功能的需求取決于公司想要定制化功能的程度，比如自定義參數(shù)化構(gòu)件、專(zhuān)門(mén)的功能或者與其它應(yīng)用程序的接口。

互操作性：為了早期項(xiàng)目可行性研究，要生成一部分模型數(shù)據(jù)與其它應(yīng)用程序共享，以便與工程師以及其它顧問(wèn)人員和后續(xù)施工協(xié)作。協(xié)作是由BIM平臺(tái)所能提供的與其它特定產(chǎn)品的接口以及（更通俗的說(shuō)）其導(dǎo)入和導(dǎo)出支持開(kāi)放數(shù)據(jù)交換標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的程度支持的。這兩種接口在第三章中都有詳細(xì)論述。該開(kāi)放交換標(biāo)準(zhǔn)正變得越來(lái)越細(xì)化，并開(kāi)始支持工作流級(jí)別的交換。這需要導(dǎo)出和導(dǎo)入轉(zhuǎn)換要多樣化。易于自定義化導(dǎo)入和導(dǎo)出的工具非常有益。這里考量了兩種工具接口以及互操作性的更加通用的方面。

多用戶(hù)環(huán)境：有些系統(tǒng)支持設(shè)計(jì)團(tuán)隊(duì)之間的協(xié)作。它們支持多個(gè)用戶(hù)直接在單個(gè)項(xiàng)目文件中創(chuàng)建并編輯同一個(gè)項(xiàng)目的分部，并能管理用戶(hù)對(duì)這些各種信息部分的訪問(wèn)。這一功能可在基于磁盤(pán)的平臺(tái)中進(jìn)行。該功能在基于內(nèi)存的BIM平臺(tái)中沒(méi)什么意義，因?yàn)樵谀抢锒鄠€(gè)用戶(hù)會(huì)爭(zhēng)搶同一個(gè)地址空間和硬件資源。

有效支持管理屬性：屬性是大多數(shù)支持BIM的工具所需數(shù)據(jù)的組成部分。屬性組要易于設(shè)置并與其所描述的構(gòu)件實(shí)例相關(guān)聯(lián)。在不同的平臺(tái)上，用于這項(xiàng)功能的工具千差萬(wàn)別。

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2.5.2   As a BIM Platform

Below we describe the major discriminating capabilities of an application meant to serve as a design platform. The basic functionality of BIM design applications was initiated as a tool and began serving the idea of a platform as the uses of building model information were recognized. The requirements of a BIM platform have grown in importance as the potential uses of building information have increased. Most BIM platforms operate on the Microsoft Windows platform with a wide range of interfacing tools; a few support the Apple Mac- intosh, where the range of applications to interface with is fewer. We enumerate them in rough-rank order, based on our sense of their level of importance.

Scalability: This is the ability to handle combinations of a large project scale and modeling at a high level of detail. This involves the ability of the system to remain responsive regardless of the number of 3D parametric objects in the project. This capability can be important at the tool level,   but the scope of a tool at any one time is usually limited. The scalability of a design becomes critical when hierarchical parameters are used to manage large ps of fa?ade or the whole building envelope. A fundamental issue is the degree that the system is disk-based, in terms of data management, rather than memory-based. Disk-based systems are slower  for small projects because of disk read/write speeds, but their delay time grows slowly as the project size grows. Memory-based systems are usually quicker under light loads, but performance drops quickly once memory space is exhausted. Scalability is partially limited by the operating system; Windows XP, 32-bit version, without special settings, only supports  up to 2 gigabytes of working memory for a single process. Sixty-four-bit architectures for Windows and Snow Leopard eliminate the memory use restriction and are becoming inexpensive and common. Graphic card performance also is important for some systems. This topic is discussed in more detail in Section  2.3.4.

Tool Interfaces: As a platform, a BIM application needs to be able to present a large range of information, as geometry, properties, and as rela- tions between them, to other applications. Typical uses include structural, energy, lighting, costs, and other analyses during design; clash detection and issues tracking for design coordination; purchasing and materials tracking; and task and equipment scheduling for construction. Tool interfaces of importance depend on the intended use of the BIM platform, defined by particular patterns of workflow. We assess their appropriateness in the tools and workflows in the chapters that address their use in different contexts—Chapters 5, 6, and 7.

Libraries of BIM Elements: Each BIM platform has various libraries of predefined objects that can be imported for use. These can be helpful by eliminating the need to define them yourself. In general, the more predefined objects, the more helpful. There is a further level of discrimination regarding how good the objects are for different uses. Currently, there is little effort to standardize the structure of object information beyond geometry. Here we are referring to specifications for selection, specifications for use in analyses, service manuals, material properties for use in rendering, and other similar uses. Only the smartBIM Library, reviewed in Chapter 5, has begun to address these issues, to our knowledge. In considering different platforms, the availability of predefined building objects facilitates work on that platform.

Platform User Interface Consistency: Platform interfaces have different criteria according to two different scenarios of use. In one case, the tools are operated by specialists in different departments in a large firm, or by consultants. In this case, each tool has its own logic and is addressed in the tool-level criteria. In the other scenario, the tools are shared and used  by multiple platform users. In this case, the consistency across tools is very important, for ease of learning and use. It is a challenge because of the wide range of functionality to be supported.

Extensibility: Extensibility capabilities are assessed based on whether a BIM platform provides scripting support—an interactive language that adds functionality or automates low-level tasks, similar to AutoLISP? in AutoCAD—an Excel format bidirectional interface, and a broad and well- documented application programming interface (API). Scripting languages and Excel interfaces are generally for end users, while an API is intended for software developers. These capabilities are needed depending on the extent to which a firm expects to customize capabilities, such as custom parametric objects, specialized functions, or interfaces to other applications.

Interoperability: Model data is generated, in part, to share with other applications for early project feasibility studies, for collaboration with engineers and other consultants and later for construction. Collaboration is supported by the degree that the BIM platform provides interfaces with other specific products and, more generally, its import and export sup- port of open data exchange standards. Both these types of interfaces are reviewed in detail in Chapter 3. The open exchange standards are getting more elaborate, starting to support workflow-level exchanges. This requires export and import translations to be varied. An easily customizable import and export facility is highly beneficial. Both tool interfaces and the more general aspects of interoperability are considered here.

Multiuser Environment: Some systems support collaboration among a design team. They allow multiple users to create and edit parts of the same project directly from a single project file and manage user access to these various information parts. This can work in a disk-based plat- form. It makes less sense in a memory-based BIM platform, where the multiple users are competing for the same address space and hardware resources.

Effective Support for Managing Properties: Properties are an integral part of the data needed for most BIM support tools. Property sets need to be easily set up and associated with the object instances they describe. Tools for this capability vary a lot on different  platforms.

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